Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Stephanie Brown

Psy410

July 18, 2016

University of Phoenix

Neurodevelopment Disorders is a biological brain disorder and is in charge of an early and the beginning of a person to be brain dysfunction. There are four main complications of this disorder which may include, cognitive dysfunction the person may suffer from seizures, behavioral problems, and not have the ability to have normal mobility function. These disorders can be inherited, genetic, or from stress from their environment, or illness.   This paper will discuss the behavioral conditions of the two disorders and the incidence rates, causes and treatment options for both disorders.

Neurodevelopment Disorder:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD).

 Apparent symptoms of ADHD if a parent who may notice his or her child who does not pay attention, and if he or she has difficulty to focus on an activity. According to the CDC, 2013) if the child talks excessively, and cannot stay seated an indication they may have the disorder ADHD. The main symptom for ADHD children who show the signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)may appear before the child starts school. (Ronald J. Comer). There are six or more symptoms this includes a child their ages 16, or five or more in adolescents, 17 and older and adults: symptoms of this disorder if symptoms have occurred and have been current for 6 or more months, means this is inappropriate for the development of the person. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2013). Symptoms of an individual who has been diagnosed ADHD often will support each other. (Stevens & Ward-Estes, 2006). Children will have the difficult time to focus on pay attention in school, or when a person is attempting to interact or engage a task with the child. The child will often continue to turn from task to task until they end up trying to run in several directions at once. (Ronald J. Comer P.508). Other symptoms of this disorder are that a child will usually not pay close attention to detail, or they will continue to make careless mistakes. The relation to this order and the similarity the child will always be moving children may find it hard to focus on a task to make a good judgment. They may find it hard to listen when a person is talking or having a normal conversation. They cannot follow instructions and will not be able to complete their schoolwork or chores.  Avoiding a task that requires an assignment from school(homework) often will result in loss necessary items they made need (eyeglasses, car keys, etc.).  All of these symptoms in a person who has ADHD are easily distracted and careless performing their day to day activities. Children who have ADHD also find it hard to communicate and will have learning disabilities, meaning the child will grow to have communication problems, and function can unsuccessful in school, and have difficulty relating to other kids. (Stevens & Ward-Estes, 2006; Phares,2003). ADHD in children will experience anxiety or become moody often. (Julien, 2005). An estimation that 5 percent of students show signs of ADHD, as up to 90 percent of them is boys. (APA, 2000,1994). Parents who have ADHD more than likely the child will develop this disorder. (APA, 2000, 1994). Several children may show decreasing symptoms until mid-adolescence, between 35 and 60 percent of children with ADHD will continue to have this disorder until adulthood. (Julien, 2005; Kessler et al.,2005). “However” symptoms of agitation and activity usually are not obvious in most adult cases. (Julien, 2005). Symptoms of individuals who have ADHD will include more than one symptom the signs that show and occurred before the age 12 years of age. (Ronald J. Comer, P.508). Symptoms will have reduced or impair in the person in performing their daily functions while in the school setting, or work, that cannot explain by any other mental disorder.

Causes;

The precise cause of ADHD has many interacting reasons. Biological aspects are identified in several cases, abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain. (Brown, 2005; Julian, 2005).  Although there is not a known cause for ADHD, there are certain factors that may contribute to this disorder. The factors may include the child's environment; the child will be at a higher risk. Sociocultural theorists perceive a person who has ADHD symptoms and a diagnosis of ADHD may cause interactive problems and can create added symptoms in the child. (Barkley, 2004, 2002, 1998). Genetics may contribute to the child to develop this disorder. Also sugar that is in food or food additives, excessive, and exposure of children who watch television can cause ADHD. (The National Institute of Mental health (2012)

 Theorists have concluded that a third of these reasons has found any degree of research support. One study specifies there is a connection between excessive TV watches during the first three years until the age 7(Christakis et al., 2004).

Neurocognitive Disorder:

Neurocognitive disorder represents a decline in a person's cognitive abilities and can be observed by others. An individual's assessment can test this disorder. When a person loses their cognitive abilities can be the result of trauma, or illness. (Neil Frude 1998).  

A person who may forget where they have placed their keys, purse, etc. There have been many individuals who lose or forget things often. They may become worried that maybe they are losing their memory. A person who may not remember certain items may be the result of stress or a sign that they are aging. When a person ages it is normal, they may have memory or other cognitive changes. (Hoyer & Verhaegen, 2006).  Individuals who experience cognitive difficulties may be the result of organic roots, particularly when they appear when they are aging. The primary cognitive disorders are among the elderly are delirium and dementia. (Kempler, 2005; APA, 2000, 1994).

Dementia:

Dementia is an increasing deterioration that affects a person cognitive and intellectual abilities. When a person loses both cognitive and mental skills he or she it’s hard for them to perform activities of daily living. Dementia is described as a person who have symptoms of cognitive weakening of normal sensorium that occurs in the brain and is certain diseases and conditions. A physical examination examines the diagnosis of dementia. It is potentially reversible causes of cognitive impairment (e.g., drugs, delirium and depression) should be omitted. A person who has dementia will have extensive memory losses and other cognitive functions, and condense thinking or language (APA, 2000). The individuals who have certain types of dementia may also have changes in their personality. The person character may become inappropriate if their symptoms worsen. Personality and behavior changes may occur during any phase. Depression involves an estimate of 40% of individuals who have dementia (Perry, et al., 2006). A person who has dementia from mild to moderate can include a person to become in a vegetative, meaning they may have several periods or days of not eating. (weight loss). Dementia patients may develop insomnia. Depression can heighten disability in dementia concerning the cause, and the effect can be problematic. Motor and additional focal neurological discrepancies may appear of an estimate of 25% of individuals who has this illness (dementia (Perry, et al., 2006). A person who has to develop the first stages of dementia(mild) they will experience short-term memory and become lessened in their language (impaired their capability of having a normal conversation or to identify particular objects (sensory function). Apraxia is another symptom he or she will not have the ability to use most of their motor function. (Marshall, 2004). Dementia individuals will find it difficult to use their previously skills, includes driving a vehicle, they may not be able to remember where they are going. (store, favorite restaurant). Dementia patients will lose their ability to handle their finances, housekeeping, meaning they cannot take the initiative to manage daily living. (Marshall, 2004). A person who has dementia often become irritable, hostile, and agitated.